Three Aims of Sociology of Religious Freedom: Toward a New Paradigm of Religious Change

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Giuseppe Giordan is Professor of Sociology in the Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology at University of Padua (Italy).

This post is a part of a series on the sociology of religious freedom.

The book A Sociology of Religious Freedom coauthored by Olga Breskaya, Giuseppe Giordan, and James T. Richardson invites readers to explore how individuals understand and practice their personal freedom of choice in matters of religion or belief. At its core, the volume looks at how social institutions either create or fail to create the conditions that allow individuals and groups to exercise religious freedom, and what kind of conditions make this freedom easier or harder to realize. For instance, can greater religious pluralism lead to more equitable ways for individuals to perceive and exercise their religious freedom? What roles do religious and judicial institutions play in shaping individuals’ perception and religious exercise, and how do relationships between religion and the state influence them? And perhaps the most complex question of all: how can we measure religious freedom across societies, when it means such different things to different people and groups?

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Sociology of Religious Freedom

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In this series, coauthors Olga Breskaya, Giuseppe Giordan, and James T. Richardson provide insights from their 2025 monograph A Sociology of Religious Freedom. They define religious freedom as a multidimensional concept, located at the intersection of five areas of meaning: (a) the autonomy of individuals and religious groups, (b) the societal value of freedom of and from religion, (c) the normative principles of state-religion governance, (d) international human rights standards, and (e) the socio-legal impacts of the judicialization of religion. The combination of social and legal perspectives enriches both sociologists and lawyers with a better understanding of how religious freedom operates in a time of secularization and pluralization of Western societies.

Giordan’s post sets up the theory of religious freedom and explains the aims of sociological studies of this human right. Borrowing from legal sociology, Richardson’s post focuses on the judicialization of religious freedom and the roles of American and European courts in shaping its scope and limits. Breskaya’s contribution discusses empirical methods of investigating religious freedom.

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“You Cannot Harm Your Brother”: Indigenous Rights in Pluriversal World

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Cecilia Titizano is core faculty at NAITTS, an Indigenous learning community, and directs the Latina/o Theology and Ministry Leadership Network and the Instituto Hispano of the Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University. This post is based on a presentation given at the ICLRS 32nd Annual International Law and Religion Symposium, 6 October 2025.

The post is the part of the Religious Freedom and Indigenous Rights series

Andean Metaphysics: The Interdependence of All Things

In the Andes, everything is alive: plants, animals, water, and even mountains. They are all animated by the same Ajayu or Spirit and share the same organizing and pulsing life force. They all have awareness (each in their own way); they allcommunicate (each in their own fashion); and they all are endowed with a purpose particular to their place in Pacha (all that is). The Aymara and Quechua people describe reality or “what is” as an interconnected web of beings endowed with the same animating life force, where relations constitute beingness or, better yet, becoming (beingness in process). Pacha (all that is) is dynamic and ontologically relational, where relations have priority over substance. Hence, the interdependence of all beings is a constitutive reality of the Andean universe.

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