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… At the highest jurisprudential level, an integralist vision of the legal order gives way to a legalist or positivist vision. For legalists, legislation is the paradigmatic form of law. In this view, granting exceptions for conscientious objection or other religiously motivated concerns undermines the authority of law, makes individuals and groups a law unto themselves, and pulverizes law into anarchy. The alternative is an integralist view in which the legal system includes legislation as adjusted to take constitutional norms into account. So, conscientious objection and religious autonomy are not an exception to a general rule, but instead an integral part of the structure itself. The law is not legislation subject to exceptions, but legislation as contorted by the requirements of constitutional and international human rights law. This integralist view has obvious affinities to the idea that law rests on deeper principles that ground constitutional axiology—principles that the positive norms of constitutions and statutes alone cannot fully capture.
Michalyn Steele (BYU Law School) discusses Bowen v. Roy (1986) and other SCOTUS decisions regarding Native American spirituality. While she initially accepted the “neutral and uniformly applicable” rationale behind the 1986 case, Steele now questions the Court’s adherence to First Amendment values in this line of cases.
Israel’s Death Penalty Law: “Jewish and Democratic”?
by Ori Aronson
On 30 March 2026, in the midst of Israel’s latest war with Iran, the Knesset, Israel’s parliament, passed the “Death Penalty for Terrorists Law.” The new Law imposes the death penalty on terrorists tried in either Israeli civilian courts or military courts in the West Bank, and it stipulates new rules as to the carrying out of a sentence of execution. The Law breaks with Israel’s longstanding rejection, both de jure and de facto, of the death penalty, an exceptional punishment used only once ever in the state’s history, against a Nazi criminal. The Law signifies the ascent of nationalist and populist politics in Israel in the aftermath of the 7 October 2023 attacks and the traumatic hostage crisis that ensued. It is a troubling retrenchment from Israel’s commitment to Jewish and democratic values and is likely to invoke a contested constitutional debate as its validity now goes before the Supreme Court.
On 17 March 2026, the European Court of Justice (CJEU) issued a judgment regarding Catholic institutions in Germany and their employment relationships, in Katholische Schwangerschaftsberatung v. JB. The ruling established that a Catholic employer, in this case a pregnancy counseling office at Caritas, cannot terminate a contract of employment solely on the basis of the employee’s leaving the Catholic Church. The Court determined that such a dismissal constitutes unequal treatment, unless the employee’s church membership is a genuine, legitimate, and necessary requirement for the specific occupation. While acknowledging the right of churches to self-determination in employment matters, the CJEU determined the dismissal to be unlawful, as the employer did not generally require staff to be Catholic and had employed non-Catholics in similar roles.
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