Three Aims of Sociology of Religious Freedom: Toward a New Paradigm of Religious Change

Giuseppe Giordan is Professor of Sociology in the Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology at University of Padua (Italy).

This post is a part of a series on the sociology of religious freedom.

The book A Sociology of Religious Freedom coauthored by Olga Breskaya, Giuseppe Giordan, and James T. Richardson invites readers to explore how individuals understand and practice their personal freedom of choice in matters of religion or belief. At its core, the volume looks at how social institutions either create or fail to create the conditions that allow individuals and groups to exercise religious freedom, and what kind of conditions make this freedom easier or harder to realize. For instance, can greater religious pluralism lead to more equitable ways for individuals to perceive and exercise their religious freedom? What roles do religious and judicial institutions play in shaping individuals’ perception and religious exercise, and how do relationships between religion and the state influence them? And perhaps the most complex question of all: how can we measure religious freedom across societies, when it means such different things to different people and groups?

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Sociology of Religious Freedom

In this series, coauthors Olga Breskaya, Giuseppe Giordan, and James T. Richardson provide insights from their 2025 monograph A Sociology of Religious Freedom. They define religious freedom as a multidimensional concept, located at the intersection of five areas of meaning: (a) the autonomy of individuals and religious groups, (b) the societal value of freedom of and from religion, (c) the normative principles of state-religion governance, (d) international human rights standards, and (e) the socio-legal impacts of the judicialization of religion. The combination of social and legal perspectives enriches both sociologists and lawyers with a better understanding of how religious freedom operates in a time of secularization and pluralization of Western societies.

Giordan’s post sets up the theory of religious freedom and explains the aims of sociological studies of this human right. Borrowing from legal sociology, Richardson’s post focuses on the judicialization of religious freedom and the roles of American and European courts in shaping its scope and limits. Breskaya’s contribution discusses empirical methods of investigating religious freedom.

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Religious Freedom and Indigenous Rights: Global Perspectives

The Klamath River, which is of great historical and spiritual significance for the Yurok Tribe, flows through Oregon and Northern California (Photo: Istock).

This series provides comparative interdisciplinary analysis of indigenous spirituality and the legal challenges involved in its protection on national and international levels. Drawing on a variety of cases from the Americas, South Africa, and Australia, contributors discuss specificities of indigenous spirituality and theology, power dynamics behind the discussion of indigenous rights, the sacredness of natural objects for indigenous groups, the insufficiency of protections for indigenous believers within existing religious-freedom frameworks, and legal steps needed to strengthen these protections. This series is based on presentations given at the ICLRS 32nd Annual International Law and Religion Symposium, 6–7 October 2025.

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